Cat Vomiting, Diarrhea, Bloody Stool - Irritable Bowel Disease in Cats

Overview and Risk

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a condition that results when your cat’s immune system turns against the lining of their gastrointestinal (GI) tract, resulting in impaired absorption of nutrients and the ability to digest food properly. This wreaks havoc on your cat’s entire GI tract resulting in vomiting, diarrhea, and weight loss. IBD is one of the most common causes of persistent vomiting and diarrhea in cats. Unfortunately, the cause of this debilitating disease is unknown. It is seen most often is a problem in middle-aged or older cats though younger cats may be affected as well.

Symptoms

Any cat owner knows that vomiting and diarrhea occasionally happen. After all, what fun would owning a cat be without a few hairballs? With IBD, however, the vomiting and/or diarrhea become chronic, occurring regularly rather than occasionally. Cats with IBD don’t necessarily act sick, other than displaying GI symptoms.

If your pet has IBD, you may notice the following:

• Diarrhea

• Blood or mucus in stool

• Black, tarry stool (melena)

• Gas

• Straining to defecate

• Weight loss

• Increased or decreased appetite

• Lethargy

• Vomiting

• Accidents outside the litter pan

Diagnosis

Diagnosing IBD begins with a thorough physical examination and tests to rule out other possible causes of the diarrhea and/or vomiting. These tests may include the following:

• Chemistry tests to evaluate kidney, liver, and pancreatic function as well as sugar levels

• A complete blood count (CBC) to assess for infection, anemia, and other problems

• Electrolyte tests to ensure your cat is neither dehydrated nor suffering from an electrolyte imbalance

• X-rays of the abdomen to rule out GI obstruction, foreign body or masses

• An ultrasound to evaluate the integrity of your cat’s digestive tract, pancreas, and other organs

• Specific tests to rule out viral infections such as feline leukemia or feline immunodeficiency virus

• Fecal tests to identify potential fecal parasites

• Special fecal tests, such as cultures and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing

• Intestinal biopsy using endoscopy, laparoscopy, or surgery to allow definitive diagnosis

Treatment

Upon diagnosing IBD in your cat, your veterinarian may recommend medications that will treat your pet's symptoms. These may include:

• Dietary modification to decrease antigenic stimulation of the GI tract

• Deworming to treat undetected intestinal parasite

• Antibiotics to treat overgrowth of bacteria

• Corticosteroids to minimize inflammation

• Others – probiotics, vitamin B12, antiemetic’s, additional medication to suppress the immune system

When treating IBD, it is very important to administer all medications prescribed by your veterinarian, as well as to follow any dietary guidelines he or she suggests.

Prevention

Unfortunately, there are no preventive measures that will protect your cat from inflammatory bowel disease.

If you have any questions or concerns, you should always visit or call your veterinarian – they are your best resource to ensure the health and well-being of your pets.

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What fruits can dogs eat?

You already know that fruit is important for keeping yourself healthy, but did you know that it’s great for your dog, too? While dogs don’t need fruit to be at their healthiest, the addition of fresh fruits to your pup’s normal diet, with permission and instructions from your vet, can provide them with an added boost of vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants, as well as some always-welcome extra hydration.

An important thing to remember, however, when it comes to feeding your dog fruit is that while many fruits are great for dogs, that doesn’t mean all of them are. In addition to checking out our list of the fruits that you shouldn’t feed your furry friend at the bottom of this page, you should also be sure to pay attention to how your dog responds to certain fruits. If you notice signs of an upset stomach or other discomfort, don’t feed them that type of fruit anymore—even if it’s otherwise safe for them. it’s also important to introduce new foods slowly, so as to pinpoint these possible affects.

Apples

An apple a day might not keep the vet away, but slices or otherwise small bits of apple make excellent treats and meal toppers. Just be sure not to feed your dog any apple seeds, since they contain small amounts of cyanide and also pose a choking risk.

Benefits:

• Help clean teeth and freshen breath.

• Contain vitamin A, vitamin C, and fiber, and there are also phyto-chemicals in the skin, which have been found to combat the growth of cancer cells in laboratory studies.

Bananas

Bananas have a ton of health benefits for our furry friends. They’re also innately portable, making them a good snack to bring along for the two of you to share on long walks.

Benefits:

• The fiber in bananas may be good for your dog's digestion.

• Contain high amounts of potassium, fiber, and vitamin C.

Blackberries

It’s safe to share blackberries with your pup, though use your best judgment in terms of cutting them up into smaller bites. Stick to sweeter blackberries, instead of tart ones, which your dog will likely prefer.

Benefits:

• May have antibacterial properties that support good oral health.

• Contain vitamins C and K, manganese, and fiber.

Blueberries

Dogs tend to love blueberries, which are already perfectly sized as treats for mouths both big and small. If you’re dealing with a tiny dog or a big blueberry though, cut the berry in half before serving.

Benefits:

• Blueberries are low in sugar and fat and make a good treat for dogs who need to avoid too many extra calories.

• Contain vitamins C and K, as well as calcium, magnesium, zinc, iron, and antioxidants.

Cantaloupe

Cantaloupe is a safe and healthy fruit for your dog to enjoy, but avoid feeding the rind, since the rough texture can cause intestinal damage.

Benefits:

High doses of beta-carotene, which is good for your dog’s vision and immune system.

Contains vitamins A, B-6, and C, as well as fiber, potassium, folate, and niacin.

Cranberries

Thanksgiving isn’t the only reason to stock these sweet treats in your home. Cranberries can be fed to your dog raw, cooked, or dried, but skip the sugar-laden cranberry sauce (sorry, Fido).

Benefits:

• Cranberries are high in antioxidants.

• Contain vitamins C and E, as well as a range of B vitamins, including thiamin, niacin, riboflavin, and B-6.
  

Papaya

Go ahead and feed papaya to your pup. The flesh of this exotic fruit makes an excellent snack.

Benefits:

• Contain vitamins A, C, E, and K, as well as folate.

• Hi in fiber, calcium, and potassium.

Raspberries

When consumed in moderation, raspberries serve as a delicious treat for you dog. And most dogs seem to like them, especially when they’re at their peak sweetness in summer.

Benefits:

• Thought to help fight against cancer, circulatory disease, and age-related decline.

• Contain vitamin C, folic acid, copper, magnesium, fiber, and antioxidants.
  

Strawberries

Like most other berries, strawberries are chock-full of antioxidants. For safe feeding, slice off the leaves at the top first and then quarter the strawberry. If your dog is small, cut each quarter in half (or smaller).

Benefits:

• Strawberries can provide a big boost to the immune system with their high level of antioxidants. They also have a high water content, making them a hydrating snack.

• Contain vitamins C, B-6, K, and E, as well as folate, potassium, and manganese.

Watermelon

Nothing is quite as satisfying on a hot day as a juicy slice of watermelon, and our dogs agree. Just don’t feed the rind or seeds, which are difficult for your dog to digest.

Benefits:

• High in lycopene, an antioxidant that protects against cell damage.

• Contain vitamins A, B-6, and C, as well as thiamin, which helps convert fat, protein, and carbohydrates into energy.

• Incredibly hydrating thanks to a high water content.

Fruits You Shouldn’t Feed Your Dog

While the list of fruits that dogs can eat is long, as a responsible pet parent you should also be aware of the fruits that dogs can’t eat. These include:

• Cherries

• Grapefruit

• Grapes

• Lemons

• Limes

• Plums

Always err on the side of safety when it comes to feeding your dog any type of fruit for the first time. Even fruits that aren’t on this list can pose a problem to your particular dog, so do your research, feed only small amounts at first, and be on the lookout for signs of a bad reaction.

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Acute Pancreatitis in Dogs

Acute Pancreatitis in Dogs

The pancreas has many functions, including the production and secretion of digestive enzymes and the production of insulin. Digestive enzymes are critical for food digestion, while insulin aids in the control of the metabolism and blood-sugar levels. Pancreatitis means “inflammation” of the pancreas and acute means “sudden.” When the pancreas becomes inflamed, digestive enzymes that are normally inactive until they reach the small intestine become active in the pancreas instead—resulting in pain and swelling as the pancreas actually begins to digest itself.

Risks of Acute Pancreatitis in Dogs

There are many suggested causes of acute pancreatitis including: obesity, high-fat diets, endocrine diseases such as hypothyroidism, and various medications or toxins. Even if your dog doesn’t normally eat a high-fat diet, the introduction of a large amount of fatty food all at once can cause acute pancreatitis. Veterinarians see an increase in pancreatitis around the holidays, since many people think a nice way to celebrate is to share their holiday meals with their dog. In addition, dogs that get into garbage are much more likely to develop pancreatitis, so be sure to keep your trash out of your dog’s reach! Pancreatitis can occur in any dog, but some breeds are more susceptible to this disease. They include the miniature schnauzer, miniature poodle, and cocker spaniel. Additionally, pancreatitis is more common in middle-age to older dogs, overweight dogs, and females.

Symptoms of Acute Pancreatitis in Dogs

The most common symptoms of acute pancreatitis in dogs are loss of appetite, vomiting, and abdominal pain. Other symptoms you may notice include:

• Swollen abdomen

• Abnormal posture; arching of the back

• Diarrhea

• Lethargy

• Restlessness

• Gagging

• Diagnosis/Treatment

Your veterinarian will take a complete history and perform a thorough physical exam. Additionally, diagnostic tests will be required to identify if your dog has acute pancreatitis. These may include:

• Chemistry tests to evaluate kidney, liver, and pancreatic disease or dysfunction, as well as blood sugar levels

• A complete blood count to screen your pet for infection, inflammation, or anemia and other blood-related conditions

• Electrolyte tests to ensure your dog is neither dehydrated nor suffering from an electrolyte imbalance

• Pancreas-specific tests to help diagnose or rule out the disease

• Imagaing studies to evalutate the pancreas and other abdominal organs

The treatment of pancreatitis depends on the severity of the disease and may include:

• Hospitalization at the veterinary clinic and in more severe cases 24 hour intensive care and monitoring

• Intravenous fluids

• Pain medicine

• Antivomiting medication (antiemetics)

• Antibiotics, if a secondary bacterial infection is suspected

• Nutritional support

• Other medications, depending on your dog’s symptoms

Keep in mind that your veterinarian may recommend that some diagnostic tests, such as the CBC, chemistry tests, and pancreatic-specific tests be repeated to monitor your dog’s progress during treatment.

Your veterinarian will recommend a treatment plan that is specific for your pet. Make sure you give all medications as directed and carefully follow any dietary recommendations. Following recovery a low fat diet may be recommended to decrease the chance of recurrence. Keep a close eye on your best friend; if he or she becomes lethargic or stops eating, call your veterinarian right away.

Prevention of Acute Pancreatitis in Dogs

While you can’t completely prevent acute pancreatitis, the following will help reduce the risk of your dog developing the disease and ensure his health and well-being:

• Don’t let your dog become overweight—weight management is just as important for our four-legged friends as it is for us!

• Avoid high-fat diets.

• Avoid giving your dog table scraps, especially if he isn’t accustomed to eating people food.

• Make sure you discuss all medications your dog is receiving with your veterinarian.

• Don’t let your dog have access to garbage

If you suspect your pet is overweight or potentially suffering from pancreatitis, please call your vet.

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Idiopathic Epilepsy in Dogs

Epilepsy is a general term for neurological disorders that are characterized by recurrent seizures. In some cases, the seizures are caused by trauma, a toxin, a brain tumor, an infection, or an issue with your dog’s blood, kidneys, or other organs. At other times, the epilepsy is referred to as “idiopathic,” which simply means that there is no identifiable, underlying cause.

Seizures commonly fall into two categories: generalized (grand mal) or partial (focal). Generalized seizures commonly appear as involuntary jerking or twitching movements of all four limbs with loss of consciousness. Partial seizures may involve one limb, side of the body, or face. Partial seizures may progress to generalized seizures. Seizures may also result in abnormal behavior, vocalization, salivation, chomping/chewing, and involuntary urination and defecation.

Dogs with idiopathic epilepsy typically have their first seizures between the ages of 6 months to 6 years. Though idiopathic epilepsy can occur in any breed, it is considered an inheritable disease in many breeds and in some breeds a genetic basis has been identified. Therefore, dogs diagnosed with idiopathic epilepsy should not be used for breeding. Commonly affected breeds include:

• Labrador retrievers

• Golden retrievers

• Poodles

• Keeshonds

• Beagles

• German shepherds

• Dachshunds

• Irish setters

• Cocker spaniels

Symptoms of Epilepsy in Dogs

Prolonged seizures lasting more than 5 minutes or two or more consecutive seizures without full recovery are referred to as status epilepticus. This is a true emergency and you should seek immediate veterinary care for you pet. Two or more seizures in 24 hours are referred to as cluster seizures and are an indication for beginning anti-seizure medication.

In dogs, seizures often occur in three distinct phases:

1. The first is called the aural phase and the most common signs are behavioral changes. These changes may be subtle and include restlessness, attention seeking or anxious behavior.

2. The second phase, called the ictal phase, is when the seizure itself takes place. A seizure can last from just a few seconds to several minutes.

3. The final phase is called the postictal phase, which occurs after the seizure. During this phase, your dog may seem restless, incoordinated and/or disoriented. Occasionally, temporary blindness, deafness or other neurologic abnormalities may occur.

It may be difficult to watch your pet have a seizure but most are of short duration and cause no permanent harm. Avoid being bitten by keeping your hands away from your pet’s mouth during a seizure. If it can be done safely, provide padding and move your pet away from stairs to prevent injury.

Diagnosis of Epilepsy in Dogs

Your veterinarian will take a complete history and perform a thorough physical and neurological exam to determine if there is an identifiable, underlying cause of your dog’s seizure.

In order to do so, the following tests may be recommended:

• Chemistry tests to evaluate kidney, liver, and pancreatic function, as well as sugar levels and electrolytes

• A complete blood count to screen for infection, inflammation, anemia, and other blood-related conditions

• Urinalysis

• PCR testing and/or serology to evaluate for infectious diseases that may cause seizures

• Referral to a neurologist for advanced testing including MRI and cerebrospinal fluid analysis

• Cultures, PCR testing, and other specialized tests that can identify if specific parasites or diseases could be the cause

Treatment of Epilepsy in Dogs

Epilepsy cannot be cured, but it can usually be controlled with anticonvulsant drugs. If your veterinarian determines that your dog’s epilepsy is idiopathic, one or more of the following medications may be prescribed:

• Phenobarbital helps reduce the frequency of your dog’s seizures and is the most prescribed medication for dogs with idiopathic epilepsy. It is generally a well-tolerated drug.

• Potassium bromide is another seizure medication that may be added to your dog’s treatment, if she does not respond well to phenobarbital alone.

With these medications, as with all drugs, some patients experience side effects. In order to make sure an adequate dose is being given, and to monitor for side effects, it is important that blood levels of each medication as well as complete blood counts and blood chemistry profiles be monitored periodically. Liver function tests may also be indicated. Your veterinarian will advise what monitoring needs to be done and how often. Medication dosages should not be changed without talking to your veterinarian.

Dogs diagnosed with idiopathic epilepsy may require treatment for life, and sometimes more than one drug is needed for adequate seizure control. And while many dogs are well controlled, some are not despite multiple medications. In addition, adequate seizure control does not necessarily guarantee that a dog will be entirely seizure free. The degree of seizure control may need to be balanced against potential side effects of the medications.

Management of Epilepsy in Dogs

Besides medication, there are many ways for you, yourself, to help manage your pet’s epilepsy:

• Maintain a seizure log that lists date, time, length and severity of seizures as well as videotape and share this with your veterinarian

• Do not change or discontinue medications without consulting your veterinarian

• Have blood work and other lab work done when recommended by your veterinarian

• Consult your veterinarian whenever you notice a change in your pet’s condition

• Put a medical alert tag on your pet’s collar so that if he becomes lost, whoever finds him will be aware of their seizure disorder and need for medication.

Several treatments are available for pets with epilepsy. By working closely with your veterinarian, you can maximize the chances of controlling the disorder and giving your pet a long, happy, and comfortable life.

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Head Tilt and Disorientation in Cats

Idiopathic Vestibular Disease in Cats

Head tilt is a medical condition that may be indicative of a serious underlying disorder, usually of the vestibular system. If a cat is tilting its head frequently to either side of the body (away from its orientation with the trunk and limbs), this is an indication that the cat feels imbalanced. The cat may even struggle to retain a balanced posture and fall.

A common cause of head tilting in cats are disorders of the vestibular system, a sensory system located in the inner ear which provides information needed to hold the body in an upright position and move about confidently. In essence, the vestibular system "tells the body where it is in relation to earth— whether it is upright, up-side-down, moving, being still, etc.

Symptoms and Types

• Abnormal head posture

• Head tilt to either side

• Stumbling, lack of coordination (ataxia)

• Constantly falling over

• Eye movements erratic, apparent inability to focus

• Circling (turning in circles)

• Nausea, vomiting

Causes

Although the underlying cause for vestibular disease is unknown, the following factors may contribute to the condition:

• Ear injury

• Brain disease

• Metabolic diseases

• Neoplasia (abnormal tissue growth)

• Nutritional deficiencies (e.g., thiamine deficiency)

• Toxicity (e.g., use of toxic antibiotics in the ear)

• Inflammation of the central and inner ear canal due to bacterial, parasitic, or other type of infection

Diagnosis

Your veterinarian will perform a complete standard physical exam, including a blood chemical profile, a complete blood count, a urinalysis and an electrolyte panel. You will also need to give a thorough background history of your cat's health leading up to the onset of symptoms. The results of the blood tests are usually normal, though changes may be present depending on whether there is an existing disease, such as an infection. Further tests will be required to diagnose underlying systemic diseases like thyroid problems, and infections.

Nutritional status will be evaluated, and you will need to recount your cat's normal diet, along with supplements or additional foods you may have fed to your cat. Thiamine deficiency, for example, can be the result of feeding your cat food that does not have B1, the source for thiamine, in its ingredients. Thiamine deficiency can also result from over consumption of raw meats and fish.

To determine if an ear infection is present, your veterinarian will thoroughly examine your cat's ear canal and will take a sample of the material present within the ear canal for further testing. Visual diagnostic tools, X-rays, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be required to confirm a middle ear disease. Another important test used to diagnose this disease is a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis. (CSF is a clear, watery liquid that surrounds and protects the brain and spinal cord.) The results of a CSF analysis is useful in the diagnosis of inflammation and/or infection within brain. A bone biopsy may also be performed is an advanced test to confirm the involvement of the bone due to tumor or infection.

Treatment

In case of severe disease, your cat may need to be hospitalized for treatment and supportive care. Fluid replacement therapy is required in patients with fluid deficits due to frequent vomiting. These patients don’t require a special diet except in those cases where some nutritional deficiency is present. For example, thiamine supplements are often required in patients with head tilt due to thiamine deficiency.

In some cases, surgery is required to treat the underlying disease. If an ear infection is present, your veterinarian will prescribe broad-spectrum antibiotics that can enter and eradicate the infection in the brain and middle ear.

Living and Management

The prognosis is highly variable depending on the underlying disease. If the head tilt is due to involvement of the ear, chances for complete recovery are fairly high. In some cases, head tilt may persist. You will bring your cat to your veterinarian for regular follow-up examinations. Follow treatment guidelines strictly and give medications at proper doses and time. Incorrectly medicating your animal is one of the most preventable accidents with pets. In addition, do not use any drug of your own, or any drug that has not been approved by your veterinarian, especially in the ear, as it may complicate symptoms further.

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